| Comparison of the effects of deep breathing and vagus nerve stimulation on cortical fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations |
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| DOI：10.3870/zgkf.2026.01.002 |
| EN KeyWords: Deep breathing training Hypocapnia Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation Functional near-infrared spectroscopy Vagus nerve stimulation |
| Fund Project:南京医科大学科技发展基金（NMUB2018295） |
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| View Counts: 67 |
| PDF Download Counts: 44 |
| EN Abstract: |
| Objective: To study the different effects of deep breathing and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) in the resting-state cortex and their underlying mechanisms. Methods:In this randomized crossover design study, 30 healthy volunteers completed a single 20-minute session of deep breathing training and a single 20-minute session of taVNS, with the order of interventions randomized. The two sessions were separated by a washout period of at least 48 h. Measurements of 5-min heart rate variability (HRV) and resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were obtained immediately before and after each intervention. End-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2) was continuously monitored throughout the intervention process. Results:The deep breathing group exhibited significantly decreased PetCO2 (P<0.01), increased standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN)(P<0.05), and reduced fALFF in both prefrontal cortex (PFC) and sensorimotor cortex (SMC) (P<0.01). A significant positive correlation emerged between PetCO2 and fALFF at 15 min、20min (P<0.01). Conversely, the taVNS group demonstrated increased root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD）（P<0.01) and decreased low-frequency/high-frequency power ratio (LF/HF）（P<0.05), but no significant alterations in cerebral fALFF or PetCO2.Conclusion: The primary mechanism by which deep breathing induces a decrease in the fALFF in the cortex is mediated through CO2-induced vascular effects, whereas taVNS does not significantly modulate cortical fALFF. |
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